Risk Factors for Kidney Stones

Metabolic factors
• Hypercalciuria
• Hyperuricosuria
• Hypocitraturia
• Hyperoxaluria
Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Renal tubular acidosis

Age
• 30-50 y

Sex
• Male 3:1

Diet
• Increased intake of calcium,
• protein and oxalate

Socioeconomic status

Environmental factors        • Hot, dry, increased sunlight

Drugs

• Loop diuretics• Antacids• Acetazolamide1
• Glucocorticoids
• Theophylline
• Allopurinol
• Probenecid
• Triamterene
• Acyclovir
• Indinavir
• Vitamins D and C